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Fluid Mechanics For Chemical Engineers, Third Edition
Noel de Nevers
Solutions Manual
Chapter 1 An * on a problem number means that the answer is given in Appendix D of the book. _______________________________________________________________________ 1.1 Laws Used, Newtons laws of motion, conservation of mass, first and second laws of thermodynamics. Laws Not Used, third law of thermodynamics, all electrostatic and magnetic laws, all laws discussing the behavior of matter at the atomic or subatomic level, all relativistic laws. _______________________________________________________________________
1.2 By ideal gas law, for uranium hexafluoride
Here the high density results from the high molecular weight.
At its normal boiling point, 4 K, by ideal gas law helium has
Here the high density results from the very low absolute temperature. The densities of other liquids with low values are: liquid methane at its nbp, 0.42 gm/cm3, acetylene at its nbp, 0.62, ethylene at its nbp, 0.57.
Discussion; the point of this problem is for the students to recognize that one of the principal differences between liquids and gases is the large difference in density. As a rule of thumb, the density of liquids is 1000 times that of gases. _______________________________________________________________________
1.3*
Discussion; this assumes no volume change on mixing. That is a good assumption here, and in many other cases. In a few, like ethanol and water have changes of up to a few %. _______________________________________________________________________
1.4 The maximum density of water occurs at 4¡ÆC, not at zero. The relation between the meter and the kg was defined to have the density of water at 4¡ÆC be 1.00 gm/cm3. However for various historical reasons it has ended up that the density of water at 4¡ÆC is about 0.99995 gm/cm3. _______________________________________________________________________
1.5*
Omitting the weight of the air makes a difference of 0.001 = 0.1%. This is normally ignored, but in the most careful work it must be considered. _______________________________________________________________________
1.6 This scale has the advantage that it places a higher number on lower density oils. That matches the price structure for oil, where lower density crude oils have a higher selling price, because they are more easily converted to high-priced products (e.g. gasoline). Oil prices will often be quoted as (A + B*deg API) $/bbl. where B ≈ $0.01/deg API.
The plot covers the whole range of petroleum liquids, from propane (s.g. ≈ 0.5) to asphalts (s.g. ≈ 1.1). Water (s.g. = 1) has 10¡Æ API.
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